https://plsj.shirazu.ac.ir/ Persian Literary Studies Journal en daily 1 Mon, 01 Aug 2022 00:00:00 +0430 Mon, 01 Aug 2022 00:00:00 +0430 https://plsj.shirazu.ac.ir/article_7502.html Wonder is the first step towards the seeking of Truth. As in Philosophy, it also plays an essential role in mysticism; in this case, in Islamic Mysticism (Sufism). Wonder in Sufism is deeply connected with the beauty of Creation which is in itself the beauty of the Creator. One of the ways to express this sense of Wonder aesthetically and metaphysically is undoubtedly through poetry. Many Sufi Masters, tariqas, mystics and poets have used poetry to express their sense of wonder and to describe their mystical experiences or their Self-Awareness of Divine Love. The scope of this paper is to emphasize and treat the element of wonder as a ladder that climbs you up to this Self-Awareness and to explain the symbolism of Light and its role in the poetry of the Albanian National Poet, Naim Frashëri and the National Poet of Iran, Hafez Shirazi. This paper is divided into three sections. A brief introduction will describe how Bektaşism was created and spread and how Hafiz together with the Persian language and Literature were acquired from Naim and other Albanian Intellectuals under the Ottoman Empire. The first part gives a general account of the sense of wonder in the poetry of both respective poets. The second deals with how this sense of wonder has brought both poets into Divine Self-Awareness, illustrating it with some examples from their poetry and the last section is focused on the symbolism of Light and the different ways that it is used in the poetry of Naim Frashëri and Hafez Shirazi, companied with some concluding remarks. https://plsj.shirazu.ac.ir/article_7599.html The qalandars were a group of Sufis from the sect of Malāmatieh who expanded the practices of austerity fully appreciating the social and religious customs and rituals to the borders of insouciance and even non-conformity. Qalandarieh was well-known and at the height of its activities in Khorasan, India, Syria and some other countries around the seventh century AH, though their influence goes beyond this century. It seems that the word “qalandar” was first used as the gathering place for the followers of this sect of Sufism that was called Qalandari. However, from the sixth century, the word qalandar was used to refer to individuals. The word qalandar can be found with all its distinguishing characteristics in Persian poetry, since most of the Persian poets have somehow used the word on different occasions. In many poems, one can find the customs and rituals of the qalandars, too; and many of these poems have turned into proverbs through time. In this paper, the word qalandar and the history of qalandars and their customs and rituals are analyzed followed by a discussion of the relationship between these rituals and the Persian literature and culture using the word qalandar. https://plsj.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8851.html love, in its general sense, is an inseparable part of Persian literature and Iranian culture, which, in addition to literature and art, has been discussed in other fields, from philosophy to moral concepts and even it has discussed in oPersian medical texts as a kind of mental diseases such as madness. However, the theme of love in Persian literature and culture does not have a single and unique meaning. That is to say, the concept of love and the approaches taken by poets, varies within a continuum of earthly love to mystical or heavenly love. Meanwhile, earthly love in Persian literature also has appeared in a spectrum of senses, from the initiate for the sextual relationship to the most platonic and idealistic one that the most significant aspect of which has appeared in the Middle Ages (7th century AH / 13th AD) in Sa'di Shirazi's Ghazals. In this article, Persian earthly love poems based on Sa'di's Ghazals have been discussed. As a result, the love poems known as Ghazal, is appearing in four main senses in Sadi's veses: love of beauty, Love as a principal aim of life; Love, as the unifier the lover and beloved ; Love, as a symbol of freedom and happiness.