ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Death in the Prism of Existentialism: A Comparative Reading of William Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying and Sadeq Chubak’s The Patient Stone
In this article, I compare William Faulkner's As I Lay Dying and Sadeq Chubak’s The Patient Stone with respect to the theme of death and from the perspective of Existentialism. I argue that despite Faulkner’s influence on Chubak and similarities in their writings, the Iranian modernist novel presents intellectual and aesthetic nuances catering to the domestic material circumstances of its composition. While As I Lay Dying offers a pro- Sartrean and nihilistic notion of mortality, the Iranian novel features a pro- Heideggerian and authenticating view of death. I use this comparison in order to transcend the notion of modern Iranian literature as merely influenced by Western literary models.
https://plsj.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3714_9ef65fbd8cb2959120c55f87d1b949a1.pdf
2015-11-22
1
21
10.22099/jps.2015.3714
comparative literature
Iranian literary modernism
re-appropriation
Existentialism
Rasoul
Aliakbari
rasoul@ualberta.ca
1
PhD student in Comparative Literature at the University of Alberta, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
Aslani, Mohammadreza. Sadeq-e Chubak. [Sadeq Chubak]. Tehran: Neshr-e Ghesse. 2003, Print.
1
Azhand, Ya'ghoub. "Miras-e dastan nevisi-e Sadeq Chubak" ["The Legacy of Sadeq Chubak’s Story Writing"]. Adabyat-e Dastani [Fictional Literature]1998:48. 86-90. Print.
2
Baraheni, Reza. Ghesse-nevisi. [Story Composition]. Tehran: Nashr-e Alborz. 1898. Print.
3
Bassett, John, ed. William Faulkner: The Critical Heritage. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975. Print.
4
Blond, Louis P. Heidegger and Nietzsche: Overcoming Metaphysics. London and New York: Continuum, 2010. Print.
5
Camus, Albert. The Stranger. Trans. Mathew Ward. New York: International Vintage Books, 1989. Print.
6
Chubak, Sadeq. The Patient Stone. Trans. M. R. Ghanoonparvar. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publications, 1989. Print.
7
Copleston, F. C. “Existentialism.” Philosophy 23.84 (1948): 19-37. Print.
8
Cox, Gary. “Heidegger and Sartre on Death.” Cogito: The Journal of the Cogito Society 13.3 (1999): 171-176. Print.
9
Dastgheyb, Abdolali. Naghd-e Asar-e Sadeq-e Chubak [A Review of Sadeq Chubak’s Writings]. Tehran: Pazand Publications, 1974. Print.
10
Dehbashi, Ali, ed. Yad-e Sadeq-e Chubak [In Memory of Sadeq Chubak]. Tehran: Nashr-e Sales, 2000. Print.
11
Dorri, Jahangir. “Tanz Dar Asar-e Sadeq-e Chubak” [“Humor in Sadeq Chubak’s Writings”]. Dehbashi 67-79.
12
Faulkner, William. As I Lay Dying. New York: Random House, 1957. Print.
13
Ghanoonparvar, Mohammad R. Prophets of Doom: Literature as a Socio-political Phenomenon in Modern Iran. Lanham, MD: UP of America, 1984. Print.
14
Heidegger, Martin. Being and Time. Trans. John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001. Print.
15
Irwin, William. “Death by Inauthenticity: Heidegger’s Debt to Ivan Il’ich’s Fall.” Tolstoy Studies Journal (2013): 15. Print.
16
Khojastehpour, Adineh, and Mirzababazadeh Fomeshi, Behnam. “The Present State of Comparative Literature in Iran: A Critical Study.” Inquire: Journal of Comparative Literature. 4.1 (2014): n.p. Web. http://inquire.streetmag.org/articles/151
17
Lackey, Michael. “Killing God, Liberating the ‘Subject:’ Nietzsche and Post-God Freedom.” Journal of the History of Ideas 4 (1999): 737. Print.
18
Lightbody, Brian. “Death and Liberation: A Critical Investigation of Death in Sartre’s Being and Nothingness.” Minerva: An Internet Journal of Philosophy 13 (2009): 85-98. Print.
19
Mirabedini, Hasan. “Sadeq-e Chubak: neveshtan az a’magh-e mardom” [“Sadeq Chubak: Writing from amongst the People”]. Dehbashi 517-539.
20
---. Sad Sal Dastan-Nevisi Dar Iran [One Hundred Years of Story Writing in Iran]. Vol. 1. Tehran: Tondar Publication, 1989. Print.
21
Mohammadi, Hasan. “Seiri Dar Ghessenevisi-e Moaser-e Iran” [“A Survey of the Contemporary Story Writing in Iran”]. Jomhoori Eslami Newspaper [Tehran, Iran] 1989: 7. NO 3309. Print.
22
Nasr, Vali. “Politics within the Late-Pahlavi State: The Ministry of Economy and Industrial Policy, 1963-69.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 32 (2000): 97-122. Print.
23
Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Gay Science: With a Prelude in German Rhymes and an Appendix of Songs. Ed. Bernard Williams. Trans. Josefine Nauckhoff and Adrian Del Caro. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2001. Print.
24
Olsen, Kathryn. “Raveling Out like a Looping String: As I Lay Dying and Regenerative Language.” Journal of Modern Literature 4 (2010): 95. Print.
25
Rybinska, Krystyna. “The Marginalization of Death in Culture Based on Selected Examples of Modern Literature and Philosophy.” Forum for World Literature Studies 2 (2013): 236. Literature Resource Center. Web. 26 Dec. 2014.
26
Sartre, Jean-Paul. “The Wall.” The Wall: (Intimacy) and Other Stories. Trans. Lloyd Alexander. New York: New Directions Publishing Corporation, 1975. 1-17. Print.
27
---. Being and Nothingness: An Essay in Phenomenological Ontology. Trans. Hazel E. Barnes. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1957. Print.
28
Sinha, Mukesh Kumar. The Persian World; Understanding People, Polity and Life in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. New Delhi: Hope India Publications, 2005. Print.
29
Talattof, Kamran. The Politics of Writing in Iran: A History of Modern Persian Literature. 1st ed. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse UP, 2000. Print.
30
Taqizadeh, Safdar. “Sadeq Chubak va ta’sir paziri az adabyat-e modern-e amrika” [“Sadeq Chubak and His Influences from Modern American Literature”]. Kelk 2004:145. 4-7. Print.
31
Visser, Irene. “Getting Ready To Stay Dead: Rites of Passage in William Faulkner’s Novels.” Routledge English Studies 93.4 (2012): 469-87. Print.
32
White, Carol J. Time and Death; Heidegger’s Analysis of Finitude. Burlington; VT: Ashgate, 2005. Print.
33
Zarshenas, Shahryar. “Sadeq Chubak va natooralism-e froydzade-ye lompani” [“Sadeq Chubak and Vulgar Freud-stricken Naturalism”]. Adabyat-e Dastani [Fictional Literature] 86 (2004): 40-43. Print.
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
An Ecocritical Reading of Saʿdī’s “The Mocaddamah; or, Introduction to the Gulistan of Shaikh Sadi”
In his article, “An Ecocritical Reading of Saʿdī’s ‘The Mocaddamah; or, Introduction to the Gulistan of Shaikh Sadi’” Massih Zekavat argues that some aspects of ecological conceptualizations seem to have remained unchanged in Iran since the thirteenth century. He also explores the possibility of applying one of the most recent western critical approaches to a distinguished text in the Persian literary canon and offers the novel understanding that such reading can provide. After a brief introduction to the main pertinent tenets of ecocriticism, a rhetorical reading of Saʿdī’s “Introduction” to Gulistān within the framework of ecocriticism explicates its environmental attitudes, some of which are still prevalent in the contemporary Iranian episteme. Cornucopia is a dominant notion in the “Introduction” and some of its descriptions resemble those of the pastoral tradition. Moreover, human/nature, man/woman, and culture/nature binary oppositions partly shape the logic of domination in the “Introduction”; and the privileged status of the dominator in these binaries leads to the otherness of nature, androcentrism and anthropocentrism.
https://plsj.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3716_00184c000f291fc1335d4127014fab3d.pdf
2015-09-01
23
38
10.22099/jps.2015.3716
Saʿdī’s Gulistān (The Rose Garden)
ecocriticism
rhetorical reading
metaphor
Massih
Zekavat
zekavat@yazd.ac.ir
1
Assistant Prof. of English Literature
LEAD_AUTHOR
زرقانی، سید مهدی. «تحلیلی بر مقدمة گلستان [کذا] سعدی.» نشریة دانشکدة ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه تبریز 48 (1384). 136-103.
1
سعدی. گلستان سعدی. محمد علی فروغی، ویراستار. تهران: بروخیم، 1316.
2
Abrams, M.H. and G.G. Harpham. A Glossary of Literary Terms. 9th ed. Canada: Wadsworth, 2009.
3
Arnold, Jean; Buell, Lawrence; Cohen, Michael P., et al. “Forum on Literatures of the Environment.” PMLA 114.5 (1999): 1089-1104.
4
Buell, Lawrence. “Toxic Discourse.” Critical Inquiry 24.3 (1998): 639-665.
5
Buell, Lawrence. The Future of Environmental Criticism: Environmental Crisis and Literary Imagination. Malden: Blackwell, 2005.
6
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. “Postcolonial Studies and the Challenge of Climate Change.” New Literary History 43.1 (2012): 1-18.
7
Christensen, Nels Anchor. “Facing the Weather in James Galvin’s The Meadow and Cormac McCarthy’s The Road.” Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 21.1 (2014): 192-204.
8
Davis, R. “Saʿdi.” The Encyclopaedia of Islam: New Edition. Vol. VIII. Eds. C. E. Bosworth, E. Van Donzel, and W. P. Heinrichs. Leiden: Brill, 1995. 719-723.
9
Foucault, Michel. The Archaeology of Knowledge. London: Routledge, 2004.
10
Garrard, Greg. Ecocriticism. 2nd ed. London and New York: Routledge, 2012.
11
Heise, Ursula K. “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Ecocriticism.” PMLA 121.2. (2006) 503-516.
12
Killingsworth, Jimmie and Jacqueline S. Palmer. Ecospeak: Rhetoric and Environmental Politics in America. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992.
13
Killingsworth, M. Jimmie. “Maps and Towers: Metaphors in Studies of Ecological Discourse.” Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 13.1 (2006): 83-89.
14
Leitch, Vincent B. Living with Theory. Malden: Blackwell, 2008.
15
Levinson, Marjorie. “What Is New Formalism?” PMLA 122.2 (2007): 558-569.
16
Lévi-Strauss, Claude. The Raw and The Cooked: Introduction to Science of Mythology. Trans. John Weightman and Doreen Weightman. New York: Harper & Row, 1969.
17
Losensky, Paul. (2012). “Saʿdi.” Encyclopaedia Iranica. <http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sadi-sirazi>.
18
Mitchell, W. J. T. “The Commitment to Form; Or, Still Crazy after All These Years.” PMLA 118.2 (2003): 321-325.
19
Sadi. Sadi’s Gulistan; or, Flower-Garden. Trans. James Ross.
20
Warren, Karen J. Ecofeminist Philosophy. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000.
21
Zekavat, Massih. “Ecocriticism and Persian and Greek Myths about the Origin of Fire.” CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 16.4 (2014). <http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb/vol16/iss4/>.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Three Christological Themes in Persian Literature
One prominent aspect in Persian literature that distinguishes it from the literatures of other nations is the inclusive religious tone of this literature, especially from the tenth century (C.E.) onward. Divine messages heard from the tongues of the prophets of the Abrahamic religions are featured in Persian poetry. The poets and writers of Persian literature have given a prominent place to a number of themes from the life and message of Jesus Christ (‘a). In this paper after giving some information about how Persian language started to bloom, and become a language of science and literature, the status of Jesus in Persian literature, which has its base in the Qur’an and in Islamic narrations, is discussed. Later on, a brief sketch of the development of Sufi literature is reviewed in order to indicate the manner in which references to Jesus (‘a) function with particular attention to the works of ‘Attar, Rumi, Sa‘di and Hafiz. This paper focuses on three major themes related to Jesus (‘a) that are of major significance in Persian literature: his breath, his donkey, and Dajjāl (the Antichrist). We show how these themes are employed to develop an Islamic Christology in keeping with the spirituality and the moral and mystical teachings of the mystical traditions in Islam.
https://plsj.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3751_e364d510ac55297ecb911bfecb876580.pdf
2015-11-22
39
67
10.22099/jps.2015.3751
Persian literature
Jesus
Christology
Sufi literature
the breath of Jesus
Firdausi
Khaqani
Sa‘di
‘Attar
Rumi
Hafiz
Dajjal
Narjes
Javandel
javandel@gmail.com
1
University of Qom
LEAD_AUTHOR
The Qur’an with an English Paraphrase. Tr. Sayyid ‘Ali Quli Qara’i. Qom: The Centre for Translation of the Holy Qur’an, 2003.
1
Arbery, A.J. . Classical Persian Literature. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1958.
2
Aryan, Qamar. Chehreh-ye Masih dar Adabiyat-e Farsi. Tehran: Intesharat-e Sokhan, 1378/1999.
3
‘Attar, Farid al-Din. Divan-e Qasa’id va Tarji‘at va Ghazaliyat. Ed. Sa‘id Nafisi. Tehran: 1339/1960.
4
Awhadi Maragheh’i Isfahani. Divan, Ed. A. S. Usha. Madras: 1951.
5
Hafiz, Shamsuddin Muhammad. Divan-e Ghazaliyat-e Hafiz. Ed. Khalil Khatib Rahbar. Tehran: Intesharat-e Safi Ali Shah, 1380/2002.
6
Iraqi, Fakhruddin. Divine Flashes. Tr. William Chittick and P. L. Wilson. New York: Paulist Press, 1982.
7
Kashani, ‘Abd al-Razzaq. A Glossary of Sufi Technical Terms. London: Octagon Press, 1991.
8
Kazzazi, Mir Jalal al-Din. The Needle of Jesus: a Report on the Ode of Christianity (Qasida Tarsa’iya), Tehran: Allameh Tabataba'i University Press.1376/1997.
9
Leirvik, Oddbjørn. Images of Jesus Christ in Islam. Uppsala: Swedish Institute of Missionary Research, 1999.
10
Lewisohn, Leonard, Ed. The Heritage of Sufism, Vol. II, the Legacy of Medieval Persian Sufism (1150-1500). Oxford: One world, 1999.
11
Mo‘in, Muhammad. Majmu‘eh Maqalat Dr. Mo’in. Tehran: Intesharat -e Mo‘in, 1364/1985.
12
Muntazir Qa’im, Mahdi. Jesus Through the Qur’an and Shi‘ite Narrations. Tr. Muhammad Legenhausen. New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur’an, Inc. 2005.
13
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. “Persian Sufi Literature: It’s Spiritual and Cultural Significance,” in The Legacy of Mediaeval Persian Sufism. Ed. Leonard Lewisohn. London: Khaniqahi Nimatullahi Publications, 1992, 1-10.
14
Neuwirth, Angelika. Scripture, Poetry and the Making of a Community: Reading the Qur'an as a Literary Text. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
15
Nurbakhsh, Javad. Jesus in the Eyes of the Sufis. London: Khaniqahi Nimatullahi Publications, 1983.
16
Purnamdariyan, Taqi. Dastan-e Payambaran dar Kulliyyat-e Shams, (The Stories of the Prophets in Kulliyyat-e Shams). Tehran: Mo’assesseh–ye Mutale‘at va Tahqiqat-e Farhangi, 1364/1985.
17
--------. Dar Saye-ye Aftab, She‘r-e Farsi va Sakht Shekani dar She’r-e Mawlavi. Tehran: Intesharat-e Sokhan, 1380/2001.
18
Purjavadi, Nasrullah. Buye Jan. Tehran: Markaz-e Nashr-e Daneshgahi, 1372/1993.
19
Razi, Najm al-Din. Marmuzat-e Asadi dar Mazmurat-e Davudi. Ed. Muhammad Reza Shafi'i Kadkani. Tehran: Intesharat-e Sokhan, 1532/1973.
20
Rumi, Jalal al-Din. Kulliyat-e Shams. 10 vols. Ed. Badi‘ al-Zaman Furuzanfar, Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1363/1984.
21
Rumi, Jalal al-Din. Mathnavi. Ed. Tofiq Subhani, Tehran: Vezarat- e Farhang va Irshad-e Islami, 1373/1994.
22
Sa’di. Bustan. Ed. Muhammad ‘Ali Nasih. Tehran: Safi ‘Ali Shah, 1381/2002.
23
Schimmel, Annemarie. The Triumphal Sun: A Study of the Works of Jalaloddin Rumi. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1978. Persian translation: Shukuh- e Shams: Sayri dar athar va afkar- e Mawlana Jalaloddin Rumi. Tr. Hasan Lahuti.Tehran: Intesharat-e Ilmi va Farhangi. 1367/1988.
24
-------. Jesus und Maria in der Islamischen Mystik. München: Kösel Verlag GmbH & Co. 1996. Persian translation: ‘Isa va Maryam dar ‘Irfan Islami. Tr. Muhammad Husayn Khajeh Zadeh. Tehran: Mo’assesseh-ye Intesharat-e Amir Kabir, 1387/1998.
25
-------. “Christianity vii: Christian Influences in Persian Poetry,” in Encyclopedia Iranica[online Retrieved]. 6/23/2011, from http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/christianity-vii.
26
Shafi'i Kadkani Muhammad Reza. Sovar-e Khiyal dar Sh‘er- e Farsi. Tehran: Intesharat- e Agah 1383/2004.
27
Sharik, Amin. “Jesus in der Iranischen Mystik”, Proceedings of the Second European Conference of Iranian Studies. Eds. B. Fragner et. al. Rome: 1995.
28
‘Unsur al-Ma‘ali Kaykavus ibn Iskandar Ibn Qabus. Qabus Nama. Ed. Ghulam Husayn Yusufi. Tehran: Intesharat- e Ilmi va Farhangi, 1382/2003.
29
Wyham, W. N. “Jesus in the Poetry of Iran.” The Moslem World, 42, 1952.
30
Zarinkub, Abdulhusayn. Bahr dar Kuze:Naqd va Tafsir- e qesse- ha va Tamthilat- e Mathnavi. Intesharat-e Ilmi, 1373/1994.
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Hedayat’s Neighbour: The Fictional Legacy of Gholam-Hosayn Sa’edi, Ghahreman Shiri, Tehran: Butimar, 2015. pp. 284 .
https://plsj.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3717_f315d3aa4afc07effcf8eeff41511706.pdf
2015-11-22
1
3
10.22099/jps.2015.3717
Mostafa
Hosseini
1
Bu-Ali Sina University
AUTHOR